History of Russia
Heads of the stateJurij Dolgoruky (90th of XI century - 1157)
JURY
DOLGORUKY (90th 11 century - 1157), prince Suzdal and grand duke Kiev,
son Vladimir Monomaha. In 1125 has transferred capital of the
Ростово-Suzdal princedom from Rostov to Suzdal. From the beginning of
30th struggled for Southern Pereyaslavl and Kiev (for what has received
a nickname of Dolgoruky). At it for the first time it is mentioned
under 1147 Moscow strengthened by Jury Dolgorukim in 1156. In 1155 has
again seized Kiev. Apparently, it is poisoned by the Kiev boyars. JURY DOLGORUKY (reigned in Rostovo to the-Suzdal ground per 1096-1149, Grand duke Kiev 1149-1151, 1155-1157). The fourth son of great Kiev prince Vladimir Monomaha in the early childhood has been planted by the father to operate the-Suzdal grounds remote by Rostovo. Jury was born on different sources either in 1091 or in 1095.
The young soldier it participated in the most known and successful campaign of Russian princes on polovtsev in 1111 and, after a victory, the father married it to the daughter of one of polovetskih of princes. Approximately at the same time the father - Vladimir Monomah - sends Jury to operate in Rostovsko the-Suzdal ground. Together with young prince boyar George Simonovich whom, first time helps to operate to young prince sends. Jury of Dolgoruky was the first prince who corrected Rostovsko the-Suzdal ground long - more than forty years. Up to it younger children of princes only for a short while were late on reigning in these grounds, and often happened, that the ground long in general remained without prince.
One of the reasons of an eminence of Suzdal can consider its fertile Ополье. In XI century settling this region and colonization by its Russian from Novgorod and the South of Russia has amplified. Новгородцы moved in Rostovo the-Suzdal ground as the ground Opolja was much more fertile than northern Novgorod territories, from southern Russia people moved, as this edge constantly was exposed to attacks of steppe barbarians, and Rostovo the-Suzdal princedom has been protected by dense forests, impassable for an enemy cavalry. Around of Suzdal during that moment there were greater not поросшие a wood of a field which have lifted economic value of Suzdal
It is considered to be 1132 the beginning of the period of dissociation and interstine wars. In it to year senior brother Jury Dolgorukogo, son Vladimir Monomaha, grand duke the Kiev Mstislav Vladimirovich has died. On the system which has developed in Russia of inheritance of a throne the authority was inherited by the senior from remained in a sort the brother, instead of the son, died as became later. Other brothers moved in board destinies on the territories close to Kiev. At the developed system of inheritance Jury of Dolgoruky had chances to become grand duke Kiev to what aspired, however, on reigning in Pereyaslavl close to Kiev was planted prince of Vsevolod, the son of the died Kiev prince. Jury of Dolgoruky has regarded such state of affairs as opposite to the settled order and military force has expelled Vsevolod from Pereyaslavl. The conflict which one party was represented with the senior generation – brothers of the died prince, another – its children has as a result flashed.
While Jury of Dolgoruky both its brothers of JAropolk and Andrey, defended Kiev and Pereyaslavl from teams of the nephews of Mstislavichej and supported their Chernigov princes, Vsevolod Mstislavovich has organized two campaigns from Novgorod in Rostovsko Jury Dolgorukogo's-Suzdal grounds. In the first campaign of Mstislavichi with inhabitants of Novgorod send in addition across Volga up to a mouth r. Dubna also have returned: novgorodtsy have refused to be at war with the son of the Monomove. Returning of an army has caused rough disputes on the Novgorod veche. Supporters of war have prevailed, and leaders of minority have been dumped in the river Volkhov. In the winter of novgorodtsy again have intruded in Rostovo the-Suzdal ground, send in addition almost up to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, but have been broken on January, 26th, 1135 on mountain Zhdanovoj by the ростово-Suzdal home guard.
War in the south has ended with reconciliation with nephews, Jury of Dolgoruky has given disputable Pereyaslavl to the senior brother Andrey, but soon nephews, grandsons of the Monomove, have again begun war, having crushed its children. Dolgoruky has been compelled to return to Rostovsko the-Suzdal possession and has begun war against Novgorod. Within 1138-1140 Jury of Dolgoruky applied economic blockade against Novgorod Great twice and, eventually, has achieved its loyalty. Seeing Jury Dolgorukogo's successes in the North, opposite to it Chernigov dukes have taken away Jury's all property near Kiev and have undertaken a campaign in Rostovsko the-Suzdal ground.
In 1140-1146 successors of the Kiev throne many times terminated and concluded the new unions inside of number of applicants. In 1146 grand duke Kiev has died, but its successor was will derthrow again nephew Dolgorukogo. Reconcile to infringement of a principle of a seniority of inheritance Jury of Dolgoruky could not, but as new Kiev prince was supported by others specific князья, its unique ally there was prince Svjatoslav Olgovich. The well-known phrase informed up to us by annals and put as date of formation of Moscow, concerns to this period, 1147: « Come to me, the brother, in Moscov ». Dukes have concluded the union which should lead to a grand-ducal Kiev throne and restoration of ancient orders
Besieged from different directions hostile specific dukes, Jury of Dolgoruky has been compelled to wage war for three fronts. It has sent son Ivan with a home guard to the aid of allied prince Svjatoslavu Olgovichu, itself has gone to be at war with Novgorod, having taken away the city of Torzhok, and Rostislav of Dolgoruky has directed Andrey's sons to reflect intrusion of the Ryazan prince. Here annals for the first time mention son Jury Dolgorukov, prince Andrey who has received in a consequence a name of Bogolyubsky. Andrey Bogolyubsky was an outstanding figure of the epoch, possessed not on years wise judgement – father Jury of Dolgoruky always consulted on it in the most important questions. Unlike Dolgoruky, Andrey did not aspire to the Kiev throne, and considered as the Rostovsko the-Suzdal princedom. Andrey Bogolyubsky has successfully reflected intrusion of the Ryazan prince, pursued it up to its ancestral lands and has expelled from Ryazan. As a result in the south, in Ryazan, Jury of Dolgoruky could put loyal to itself new prince.
1147 officially is
considered year of the basis of the future capital of the country
– Moscow. Formally the small town Moscow has not been based by
Jury of Dolgoruky and was born a little bit earlier, however correctly
to connect formation of Moscow with Jury Dolgoruky's name and correctly
to consider as date of the basis 1147. Jury of Dolgoruky in general
conducted wide town-planning that is esteemed as a merit of any
governor since times of Ancient Russia till our days. It is
authentically known, that Jury has based under the direct instruction
of the city of Jurev-Polish, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, has transferred on a
new place Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Besides in days of Dolgoruky have been
based about ten other small towns.
Jury Dolgoruky has secured with summer of 1149 the help половцев and has entered struggle against the Kiev prince Izjaslavom. Jury and Изяслав serially seized Kiev, but in 1151 Jury Dolgoruky has sufferred defeat and has been compelled to sign and Изяславом the peace treaty. Jury should return in Ростовско the-Suzdal ground, as the compromise it could leave the Pereyaslavl nearest to Kiev to the son whom to submit should, however, Izyslav. Andrey Bogolyubsky who has remained by that moment by senior son Dolgoruky, did not wish to apply for Kiev and wished to return together with the father to the ground. Jury Dolgoruky has left Gleb and under repeated military pressure Изяслава has returned back.
Next year Jury Dolgoruky conflict and Изяслава renews. Изяслав громит Jury's possession about Kiev, Jury, maneuvering armies, helps to avoid full rout to the ally to prince Galitskoj of the ground. The next two years Jury Dolgoruky so strong builds fortified cities on the south of the princedom, being afraid of intrusion of the Kiev prince.
Having collected forces, including involved polovtsy, in 1154 Jury Dolgoruky again acts under Kiev. On coincidence of circumstances, the Kiev prince Izjaslav in the autumn of the same year dies, and others specific князья arrange squabble for the Kiev throne. Jury Dolgoruky by negotiations convinces the majority of princes to recognize its right and in 1155 without fight enters into Kiev. Jury Dolgoruky long-term dream to borrow the Kiev throne at last was carried out! Prince has surrounded itself with the sons, having planted them in the cities nearest to Kiev, the senior, Andrey Bogolyubsky, prince has given Вышгород – the nearest suburb of Kiev.
Jury Dolgorukogo's sights at value of the Kiev throne and the Kiev princedom and its senior son Andrey diametrically missed. If Jury struggled for the Kiev table all life Andrey considerably above appreciated Ростовско the-Suzdal ground and once, not having asked the father, has left Vishgorod, having left to itself at night. Andrey Bogolyubsky did not apply for the fatherly cities of Rostovs, Suzdal and rules in the Vladimir. Jury Dolgoruky was dissatisfied with an act of the son, people Ростовско of the-Suzdal princedom was glad, that young prince to them has returned.
The gain of the Kiev throne Jury Dolgoruky though has passed externally peacefully, but the business has not been approved by all participants of events. Except for specific princes who have recognized Jury's authority, there were still such forces as the Kiev boyars and Kiev люд which did not consider Dolgoruky for the prince, and considered it for prince Rostovsko-Suzdal. In 1157 after a feast in the house of notable Kiev boyar, prince Jury Dolgoruky has felt badly, ill five days and has died. By that киевляне at once on its death have plundered a princely court yard and have not allowed to bury Jury near to its father Vladimir Monomahom whom kiev's people is loved, it is possible to assume, that Jury Dolgoruky have poisoned.
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